Aristotles Doctrine of the Mean - 1242 Words

In this essay we will discuss and analyze Aristotle’s Doctrine of the Mean. This topic area can be found in Book II, page 888, 6—15, through 890, 25. The purpose for Aristotle touching on this subject matter was to discern the states of character which are virtuous from those which are not. By this, I mean he is attempting to categorize which virtues are causal of a human â€Å"to be in a good state and to perform their functions well†(888—15). In order to keep this paper orderly and comprehensible, we will work in chronological order through Aristotle’s variety of premises and conclusions which lead to his main idea which is ––––––––––––. Aristotle begins his discussion on deficiency, intermediate, and excess by introducing what he is†¦show more content†¦We can prove this by looking at the opposite situation and reducing it down to an absurdity. Suppose o ne is dining in a fine restaurant. Also suppose the perfect amount of steak to eat relative to him is 3 ounces and he orders a steak of the finest quality but the portion served is 6 ounces. 6 ounces in this case is considered excess and 0 ounces considered deficient. He should restrict eating the entire portion for if he did he may feel excessively full and therefore the steak which was once the finest now seems to him the worst. If he did not eat any at all he would not accomplish his goal of nursing himself. It seems so then that deficiency or excess may also cause one to be in a state of false reality. This concept is what Aristotle is explaining when he refers to ruining a good result. The person who is align with the intermediate is therefore closer to truth. However, returning back to Pythagorean terminology, Aristotle divulges into what is limited versus unlimited. The former being the good and the latter being badness. It follows that the good is what is few and more diffic ult to realize and bad is what is great and easy to realize. Let us now look to another example to demonstrate our understanding. Suppose we are looking at someone preparing for a test. If he is to study day in and day out he is likely to become tired, resulting in a poor score. This is the excess andShow MoreRelatedAristotles Doctrine of the Mean525 Words   |  2 Pagesand the false. But Aristotle shows that knowing the natural end of man enables to tell if it is true of false that an action is right or wrong. So, for Aristotle, what does the vituous life entails? What is his doctrine of the mean? What is the government type that further Aristotles virtue life? Is it a plausible type of society? Virtue is bringing something to perfection. There are two kinds of virtues: the moral virtues, perfecting desire (who submits to reason) for the action, and intellectualRead More Aristotles Doctrine of the Mean Essay1017 Words   |  5 PagesAristotles Doctrine of the Mean When we consider the questions of how we ought to live our lives, we often seek for some schematic that we can employ to help us categorize actions or qualities as good, bad, or indifferent. Such a means of organization would indeed make it easier to determine what the right thing to do is. Aristotle once attempted to formulate a similar plan. His ethics used a scheme by which characteristics could be measured and the right amount attained. Such an account isRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The Me Underpin Aristotle s Account Of Citizen Virtue?899 Words   |  4 PagesTo what extent, and how, does ‘the doctrine of the mean’ underpin Aristotle’s account of citizen virtue? In order to answer the question ‘To what extent, and how, does ‘the doctrine of the mean’ underpin Aristotle’s account of citizen virtue?’ it is first important for me to define ‘the doctrine of the mean’ which was developed in Book II of Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics (II.2.1104a12-26) in the form of a medical analogy. ‘the doctrine of the mean’ is very often dismissed as being unhelpful andRead MoreAristotle s Doctrine Of The Mean1344 Words   |  6 Pagesdecision might be hard, and can be explained, however what is right and wrong when making a moral decision that is still a question today. This essay outlines how virtue ethics is not helpful as we hope when making a moral decision. Aristotle’s doctrine of the mean is a unique theory that is used for ethical views today. His main argument is basely on eudaimonia and how humans can attain that. Most of the time, happiness to humans is enjoying time with friends or loved ones, but to Aristotle happinessRead MoreAristotle Virtuous Character Analysis1284 Words   |  6 Pageshabituation. Aristotle’s theory of a virtuous character is developed by aligning with the Doctrine of the Mean. The philosopher developed the Doctrine of the Mean in Book II of Nicomachean Ethics to serve the purpose of conveying Aristotle’s concept on virtue ethics. A virtuous character can be considered as a person who acts in the right manner through habit and practice rather than reasoning. Aristotle writes, â€Å"Virtue, then, is a state involving rational choice, consisting in a mean relative toRead MoreThe Ethics Of Plato And Aristotle977 Words   |  4 Pagesindependent of anyone’s belief. This was how Plat o observed absolutism. Aristotle’s oversee on what is the ‘good life’ as he used an observed method to ethics. The ‘good life’ as Aristotle defines it as one which has happiness as a characteristic or ‘a life of happiness’. ‘Happiness is a motion of the soul in accord with perfect virtue’. ‘People ought to behave so as to achieve happiness’. I believe that Aristotle’s response will be everyone always ought to follow the middle passage between certainRead More1.In Your Own Words, Define The Term â€Å"Metaphysics† As Used1161 Words   |  5 Pagesphilosophy. Metaphysics is the study of reality. Metaphysicians ask themselves these type questions: what is reality? Does anything exist? Is anything that we see or believe in real? My examples of metaphysics from the book: I will be using Plato and Aristotle’s metaphysics examples. Interestingly enough, â€Å"Plato’s metaphysics claims that there are two kinds of reality† (Lavine 26). He believes in the material and immaterial word. The world of reality and the world of the senses. Plato’s metaphysics actuallyRead MoreExamining the Ethics of Plato and Aristotle Essay1063 Words   |  5 Pagesindependent of anyone’s opinion. This was how Plato perceived absolutism. Aristotle’s overlook on what is the ‘good life’ as he used an empirical approach to ethics. The ‘good life’ as Aristotle defines it as one which has happiness as a characteristic or ‘a life of happiness’. ‘Happiness is an activity of the soul in accord with perfect virtue’. ‘People ought to behave so as to achieve happiness’. I believe that Aristotle’s answer will be everyone always ought to follow the middle course betweenRead MoreAristotles Theory of Slavery1295 Words   |  6 PagesSome aspects of Aristotles theory of slavery Slavery -- natural or conventional? Aristoles theory of slavery is found in Book I, Chapters iii through vii of the Politics. and in Book VII of the Nicomachean Ethics Aristotle raises the question of whether slavery is natural or conventional. He asserts that the former is the case. So, Aristotles theory of slavery holds that some people are naturally slaves and others are naturally masters. Thus he says: But is there any one thus intendedRead MoreAristotle s Highest Good Theorem1037 Words   |  5 PagesPhil 100 A01 Essay 2 Aristotle’s Highest Good Theorem When Aristotle first published his work entitled â€Å"Nicomachean Ethics†, you can imagine that numerous philosophers, scholars, and ordinary citizens were deeply contemplating his idea of the Highest Good Through the actions of virtue and reason, the act contemplation satisfies Aristotle’s characteristics as the Highest Good Being a self-sufficient, and complete activity, the ability to understand our function as human beings through contemplation

Zara case study Essay - 2280 Words

Coursework Header Sheet 209896-18 Course OPER1027: Operations Mngt: Proc/Value Ch Course School/Level BU/UG Coursework Case Study 1 Assessment Weight 25.00% Tutor J Whiteley Submission Deadline 25/11/2013 Coursework is receipted on the understanding that it is the students own work and that it has not, in whole or part, been presented elsewhere for assessment. Where material has been used from other sources it has been properly acknowledged in accordance with the Universitys Regulations regarding Cheating and Plagiarism. 000718551 Tutors comments Grade Awarded___________ For Office Use Only__________ Final Grade_________†¦show more content†¦There vertical integration allows small batches of produce to be distributed and tested out allow them to save more money and cut inventory backlogs. Zara maintains a low cost by avoiding outsourcing (where possible) and producing all its merchandise and produce in home soil in Spain. Also Zara own many fabric dying, cutting and processing equipment that provided Zara added control and flexibility to adopt new trends on demand. Effectively Zara is able to design and manufacture products as well as deliver them in less than two weeks in contrast to competitors such as Benetton and HM which require at least between five weeks and 4 months lead time to fill orders from its retail operations. One major unique characteristic was that Zara own its in house production which gives Zara the flexibility of quantity, variety, and the frequency of the designs they produce. Another way there strategy contributors to their success is that they have the capability to keep a significant amount of product in home soil in there won factories and reserve approximately 85% of their capacity for seasonal adjustments this way they will be able to rapidly respond to unexpected trends in the industry. Additionally they use foreign factories as many other companies do as cost is much cheaper which allows production to increase and distrusted accordingly, however for fast fashion items Zara produces inShow MoreRelatedZara Case Study : Zara Case2492 Words   |  10 Pages Zara Case Study Name Academic Institution Zara Case Study Executive Summary This case study (Ghemawat, Nueno, Dailey, 2003) of the Spanish retail apparel company Zara, one of the six retail brands owned by Spanish company Inditex, focused on a number of issues confronting the retailer. These issues arose mainly from the consideration that Zara defied many of the dynamics of the retail apparel market. Zara, unlike its competitors, owned most of its production as well as itsRead MoreZara Case Study2762 Words   |  12 PagesQ1. With which of the international competitors listed in the case is it most interesting to compare Inditex’s financial results? Why? What do comparisons indicate about Inditex’s relative operating economics? Ans. The four companies shown given in the case have very different business models. Inditex owned much of the production and most of its stores. Inditex is thus a vertically integrated company. This gave Inditex a competitive advantage, which is quick response to the market requirementsRead MoreZara Case Study1833 Words   |  8 PagesZARA CASE STUDY [pic] Introduction The history of Zara started in 1975, when the first store has been opened in Spain. It has been followed by several other stores all over the world. The company’s owner, Amancio Ortega, accumulated 340 million Euros (according to 2001 datas), which is a remarkable growth if compared with other companies. Zara’s brand has become popular because of its quality and efficiency. The secret of Zara is to understand the customer’s need and demands and respondRead MoreZara Case Study3553 Words   |  15 Pages[pic] CONTENTS 1. Introduction 3 2. Zara as Company 4-5 3. Zara’s Model of Operation 6 4. Company’s Structure Read MoreZara Case Study3306 Words   |  14 PagesJune 6, 2007 Zara Case Study Summary Zara is a clothing retail store for women, men and children, concentrating sixty percent of their effort to the women clothing market. Besides retailing, Zara also designs, produces, and ships their lines of clothing to their Zara stores. Zara s corporate concept is to offer fashionable, trendy, designs at a reasonable price. The key to their corporate success is to offer the latest trends and fashions before their competitors. They believe thatRead MoreCase Study - Zara International694 Words   |  3 PagesJay Case Study: Zara International Fashion at the Speed of Light Question 1: In what ways are elements of the classical and behavioral management approaches evident in how things are done at Zara International? How can systems concepts and contingency thinking explain the success of some of Zara’s distinctive practices? Answer 1: Elements of the classical management approach are very evident at Zara International. The classical management approach contains three branches, which are scientificRead MoreZara International Case Study1000 Words   |  4 PagesZara International was a retail shop originated in La Coruna, Spain in 1975. It was clothing and accessories shop and imitated the latest fashion trends and sold them at a lower cost. It became Zara International after entering Portugal in 1988 and then the United States and France in the 1990s. The distributor for this brand is Inditex and is considered the most successful retail chain in the world. Zara has a business strategy that is very different from the retailers nowadays. If a customer ordersRead MoreZara Case Study986 Words   |  4 PagesZara is the flagship brand of the Spanish retail group, Inditex SA, one of the super-heated performers in a soft retail market in recent years. When Indtiex offered a 23 percent stake to the public in 2 001, the issue was over-subscribed 26 times raising Euro2.1 billion for the company. Zara is unique model in business world today it has its own principles which may varies from its competitors in the same industry starting from production strategy ending with supply chain management strategy, theseRead MoreZara Case Study1656 Words   |  7 Pages3.1 HISTORY and BACKGROUND ZARA is the flagship chain store for the Spanish Inditex Group owned by Amancio Ortega, who also brands such as Massimo Dutti and Bershka. It was first open in 1975 in La Coruna, Galicia, Spain. Originally a lingerie store, then the product range expanded to incorporate women’s fashion, menswear and children’s clothes (5). The international adventure began in 1988, opened its first foreign store in Oporto, Portugal. The market growth remained mysterious and it kept growingRead MoreZara Case Study1404 Words   |  6 PagesCompany Case: Zara: The Technology Giant of the Fashion World Identification of the Problem/s or Issue/s Zara, a Spanish-based chain owned by Inditex, is a retailer who has taken a new approach in the industry. By owning its in-house production, Zara is able to be flexible in the variety, amount, and frequency of the new styles they produce. With their unique strategy, Zara has the competitive advantage to be sustainable. In order to maintain that advantage and growth they must confront certain

Hindu Doctrine of Karma

Question: Discuss about the Hindu Doctrine of Karma. Answer: Intrroduction: The doctrine of Karma is a persistent belief system in the Indian tradition of religion that strikes the most consistent difference between the western and the Indian religious custom. The Hindu doctrine of Karma unites the self salvation of the own effort with the metaphysical attainment of men. Even though western spirituality makes effective explanation of evil, where the suffering of an individual is accounted for by their previous erroneous activities, the Hindu religious system combines the idea of Karma retributions with the concept of multiple incarnations to explain all the suffering by the previous wrongdoings of the individual. In this way the Indian belief system gives a consistent explanation of evil and human sufferings. According to several researchers, the doctrine of karma and reincarnation provide the Hindu religion an intellectually and emotionally fulfilling explanation of human sufferings and evil than the archetypal western solutions of the evil problems. If the literal meaning is considered, Karma means the doing or the act, which is the outcome of the previous action of an individual. It can also be seen as the principle of cause and effect, or like the action and reaction of the deeds that governs the later life. The Hindu doctrine of Karma refers to the legitimacy of the rules of the universe and is visualized as a cosmic belief where every individual will face the consequences of their own works. The principle puts stress on the responsibility of the actions of each individual consisting their well beings and misfortunes. It also considers the human to be the maker of their own fortune. There is always a belief of justice lying in the clarification of the doctrine. It acts like a guiding principle of Hindu and Buddhist school of belief conducting them in the moral world. In the Hindu belief system, it plays the most significant role, as it determines the place where someone is born in the next life. Many researchers claim that it is a blind faith in the fatalism, but it is certainly not that but is opposed to all the morality. The doctrine highlights the transmigration of spirit and the cycle of life and death, through which the soul needs to pass before they realizes the quest of excellence. Like any other scientific theory, the Hindu doctrine of Karma enlightens regularity, complexity of the phenomena and the simplicity, at the same time it emphasizes certain intelligible experience like other social theory. Both the physical and mental sufferings are considered to be a part of telling of Karma. It is never seen as a punishment of the wrongdoings, rather just the consequence of the law of the universe, therefore rationally defensible. Researchers observed that sometimes Karma acts as a comforting thought in the tragedies of life, stating that the crises are the outcomes of Karma of the individual and not any kind of unjust. The doctrine of Karma started formulating towards the end of Vedic period in India. The concept of rta is found in Rig Veda, which entails the existence of the cosmic law holding the nature in an orderly and rational manner, even the Gods are bound by the supremacy of the law. The concept of Karma is not considered as cruel or merciful, but bound by the morality. However, it is believed that there is no escape from the doctrine, but there is always hope to design the future by strictly watching the actions of an individual in the present life. In fact, in Hindu belief system, the God is considered to be a mere spectator of the functioning of the cosmic law and even he is not powerful enough to interfere the application of the law. In the Hindu religious books like Upanishad, the God is defined as the witness, not the mediator. The Bhagavad Gita has several examples of the doctrine of Karma. When Arjuna denies to fight against the rival army which is comprised of most of relatives and near and dear ones, Lord Krishna advises him to fight for integrity and pursue his niyata karma, which is the predestined duty of the individual. The Karma gets performed without mere expectation of the preferred result. The Bhagavad Gita explains that there is no place in the universe, where the individual can find any escape from their karma. It also defines to be the reason of rebirth and sometimes, the successive lives. However, the later explanations of the doctrine accept the concept of divine grace. In the Bhakti tradition the gurus, with the help of God, were presumed to be capable of improving the consequences of Karma. These modifications provided enough space in avoiding the consequences of the misdeeds of an individual. If the details of the doctrine of karma are stated, it is no less than a complete principle of philosophical functioning, motivation and human thinking. Although the doctrine is considerably vague and open to diverse interpretations, often the understanding of the concept is liable to be varied with the theories of the primary doctrine as articulated in Hindu thought. There are numbers of interpretations of the doctrine and people who are facing major crisis in life and they find no other plausible explanations. For a long time, the concept has been providing convincing explanation to people facing misfortune in lives. The primary concern with the doctrine of karma is more than the philosophical canon; it lies in the popular idea and rituals. The concept also reflects in various narratives of Indian origin. According to Indian beliefs, the karma theory is able to explain every suffering of human life, even the misery of innocent children; however, his is entirely against the Western thoughts. There are numbers of objections raised against this doctrine, which raised some serious obstruction to the concept of Karma. The first objection was the Memory problem, which is concerned with the absolute lack of memory of the previous life. Several researchers try to point out the strangeness of having no memory of previous complex lives. The individual, who is suffering in his present life because of some misdeed in the previous life, he is having no clue about the reasons for the sufferings. Another problem that was pointed out with the Karma theory is the proportionality problem. It cannot give justification to the proper proportionate to the wrong and right, also the degree and kinds of sufferings men see in real life. Those who face torturous sufferings in their life, or innocent children su ffering from serious diseases, it is difficult to accept that all the sufferings are legitimately earned. The third objection raised against the doctrine of karma is the infinite regress problem, dealing with the relationship between the events of previous and present life. The karma theory refers to the events of previous life, in order to define the circumstances of the present life. The question that rises is the how the cycle of karma works. Several researchers question the process of working of karma and found the explanations to be inadequate. Another problem, the doctrine has, is the explanation of death. If the theory is discussed in details, it seems that the death is presented as a punishment, rather presumed. It seems that an individual is punished through rebirths. For most of the explanations of the theory, death is not even taken that critically to define in a proper manner. The final problem rose with the doctrine that many researchers objected the theory of rebirth a s it cannot be verified. There is no evidence to make this theory justified; it remained just as a theory. However, despite the huge array of objections on the doctrine of karma, there is a real connection between the suffering of an individual and the procedure of healing. The doctrine seems to have an unenviable approval by the Indians. Although the principle is called vague an unsatisfying by many scholars, the concern of the common mass was not to dig into the particulars of the doctrine rather to deal with the crisis of life. The focus was mainly upon finding a convincing reason for the sufferings in life. The doctrine provided a culturally certified clarification to felicitate the moving on with life. It seems to be deeply embedded in the mind of Hindus and they also manifest a normal tendency to appeal to this in several situations in life. It is considered more than an anchor in life while dealing with disaster. Among the common mass, especially in India, traditional Hindus view this as a mean to cope with the sufferings and a strategy o reduce anxiety. The doctrine entirely susta ins the faith of and individual and it was evident even though Hindus believe in the theory, they do not rule out the roles of gurus in their religious practice. It is believed that the utilizing of the doctrine as an explanation is a vibrant process. Different situation demands different explanation of the principle and the effectiveness of the doctrine are deep rooted in the faith of an individual and offer a justifiable explanation and rationalization for human sufferings. Reference List Barnett, Lionel D.Hindu Gods and Heroes. Lulu. com, 2015. Fitzpatrick, S. J., Kerridge, I. H., Jordens, C. F., Zoloth, L., Tollefsen, C., Tsomo, K. L., ... Sarma, D. (2016). Religious perspectives on human suffering: Implications for medicine and bioethics.Journal of religion and health,55(1), 159-173. Fuchs, Martin. "Worldview and relationships to the world: The concepts of karma (n) and bhakti in Webers study on Hinduism and Buddhism11From the conference,Translating and editing Max Weber: experiences, insights and irritations, on the occasion of the one hundred an."Max Weber Studies16.2 (2016): 211-227. Gary E. Kessler,Studying Religion: An Introduction Through Cases, 3rd edition (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2008), ch. 8. James C. Livingston,Anatomy of the Sacred: An Introduction to Religion2nd edition (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1993), ch. 10. John Hick,Death and Eternal Life(Glasgow: Collins, 1976), ch. 16. John Hick,Philosophy of Religion4th ed. (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1990), chs 4 11. Michael Peterson, William Hasker, Bruce Reichenbach, and David Basinger,Reason and Religious Belief: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion, 4th edition (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), ch. 8. Nick Trakakis and Monima Chadha, Karma and the Problem of Evil: A Response to Kaufman,Philosophy East West57 (2007): 533-56. Roy Perrett, Karma and the Problem of Suffering,Sophia24 (1985): 4-10 Whitley Kaufman, Karma, Rebirth, and the Problem of Evil: A Reply to Critics,Philosophy East West57 (2007): 556-60. Whitley Kaufman, Karma, Rebirth, and the Problem of Evil,Philosophy East and West55 (2005): 15-32.

The Problem of Environmental Degradation in Modern World

Introduction Environmental degradation is on the increase, and it is likely to affect the human race in the future. In light of this challenge, many environmental scientists have made several recommendations on how we can prevent destruction of our environment. In this case, several mechanisms can be used to keep the environment clean and safe from destruction.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Problem of Environmental Degradation in Modern World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Poor waste disposal is regarded as one of the key causes of environmental degradation. Waste disposal is not only limited to the disposal of industrial waste materials, but it also involves the items we use and discard daily. There are three basic strategies that can be used to reduce waste disposal and they include the following. Waste Disposal Strategies Reduce it, is the first strategy for reducing waste disposal, and it is the most important of the three strategies. This is because if people can decrease the rate at which they use various products, the amount of things to be recycled or reused will also go down considerably. Moreover, reduction of consumption will also make people to cut back on their expenditure on various products, and this can help in mitigating environmental pollution. In addition, we should try to decrease the toxicity of waste products that are dumped in landfills. â€Å"Source reduction involves reducing waste at the source by designing, producing, and using items that are less toxic for the waste system† (Scott, 2007). This method of reduction can assist in conservation of resources, and decrease pollution. For example, goods can be produced and used in away that they do not affect the environment. Reuse of materials is the second method of minimizing waste products. Apart from reducing consumption, we can also find alternative uses for the things that we have used. Besides thi s, we can also turn used items to other things, rather than recycling or discarding them. Reuse has the following benefits. First, it makes waste management easier since it reduces waste production. â€Å"Secondly, the environment benefits because reusing items leads to less production, which reduces emission of pollutants, and resource harvesting† (Woods, 2010). People should try to be more creative in order to reduce waste materials. For example, a person can use old garments for cleaning or even mending other garments instead of discarding them. One shopping bag can also be used on many shopping occasions. Recycling is the third strategy, and involves making of new products from the used ones. Unlike reusing, recycling requires many procedures. For example, the items to be recycled are collected and then taken for reprocessing. Recycling also demands energy, money, and other materials.Advertising Looking for report on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help yo u! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This makes it to be the least preferable method of waste reduction. Nonetheless, recycling decreases the use of landfills, and it also minimizes pollution. â€Å"R’s† will not eliminate environmental degradation, utilizing them will lead to a healthier environment† (Scott, 2007). Solving Environmental Problems Solving environmental problems has not been simple because of these factors. First, many individuals are ignorant about how to manage the environment. Secondly, poverty also makes environmental management complicated. This is because some people destroy resources such as vegetation, and trees in order to get income. The third impediment in this process is the high cost of implementing environmentally-friendly strategies. Conclusion Environmental degradation can be minimized through the three strategies, reduce, reuse, and recycle. â€Å"The solutions to all our environmental problems do not lie in th e capitalistic mindset, the Judeo-Christian value system, or the male-dominated, white cultures of modern man† (McConnell Abel, 2007). The solution is embedded in the values that the indigenous individuals have, and their interaction with the earth. â€Å"But more importantly, the solution lies in aligning ourselves with the values of the millions of other species with whom we share this planet† (McConnell Abel, 2007). References McConnell, R., Abel, D. (2007). Environmental Issues: An Introduction to Sustainability. New York: Prentice Hall. Scott, N. (2007). Reduce, Reuse, Recycle: An Easy Household Guide. New York: Chelsea Green Publishing. Woods, K. (2010). Human Rights and Environmental Sustainability. London: Edward Elgar Pub.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Problem of Environmental Degradation in Modern World specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This report on The Problem of Environmental Degradation in Modern World was written and submitted by user Galilea L. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.